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From Immigration To Integration

The Canadian Jewish Experience:
A Millennium Edition

Endnotes

The Canada-Israel Connection

8. Zionism in the Pre-Statehood Years: The Canadian Response
  1. The Fourth Book of Lessons for the Use of Schools (Montreal, 1845), 211.
  2. Newfoundland was still some two centuries away from joining the Canadian federation. It was, however, a part of British North America.
  3. See [Richard Brothers], A Revealed Knowledge of the Prophecies and Times (London, 1794), 54; and Cecil Roth, The Nephew of the Almighty (London, 1933).
  4. On Monk, see Richard S. Lambert, For the Time Is at Hand (London, [1947]).
  5. Ibid., 28-29.
  6. It should be noted that until 1948, Palestine was a geographical and not a political term. In those years, “Palestinians” almost always meant the Jews of the country not, as today, the Arabs.
  7. Henry Wentworth Monk, A Simple Interpretation of Revelation Together with Three Lectures Lately Delivered in Canada and the United States, 2nd ed. (London, [1858?]); Lambert, Time, 55, 64-65, 96-98, 106-16. On Aberhart, see Howard Palmer, “Politics, religion and antisemitism in Alberta, 1880-1950,” in Antisemitism in Canada: History and Interpretation, Alan Davies, ed., (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1992), 174.
  8. Ottawa Citizen, February 11, 1935. On Jabotinsky’s relationship to Canada, see Michael Brown, “A case of limited vision: Vladimir Jabotinsky on Canada and the United States,” Canadian Jewish Studies/Etudes juives canadiennes 1 (1993): 1-25.
  9. Lambert, Time, 118-39, 150-57.
  10. Charles Freshman, The Jews and the Israelites (Toronto, 1870), 453-54.
  11. On Hellmuth, see Owsley Robert Rowley, The Anglican Episcopate of Canada and Newfoundland (Milwaukee: Morehouse Publishing, 1928), 53-54.
  12. See David A. Rausch, Zionism within Early American Fundamentalism, 1878-1918 (New York and Toronto: Edwin Mellen Press, 1979), 83-146.
  13. Ibid., 106, 153; Montreal Daily Witness, February 12, 1898.
  14. Albert E. Thompson, “The capture of Jerusalem,” in Light on Prophecy: A Coordinated, Constructive Teaching, Being the Proceedings and Addresses at the Philadelphia Prophetic conference, May 28-30, 1918 (New York: Christian Herald Bible House, 1918), 152-53, quoted in Rausch, Zionism, 119.
  15. On the British connections of Canadian Jews - and gentiles - before World War I, see Michael Brown, Jew or Juif? Jews, French Canadians and Anglo-Canadians, 1759-1914 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1986), 7-66.
  16. “Literary notices,” New Dominion Monthly (June 1876); extracts (June, December 1876).
  17. Mary Ellen Ross, The Legend of the Holy Stone (Montreal: A.A. Stevenson, 1878), 476.
  18. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement, 1871-78; [Walter Besant], Our Work in Palestine (Toronto, 1873). On Draper, Hagarty, Ryerson, and Allan, see George Maclean Rose, A Cyclopaedia of Canadian Biography, (Toronto: Toronto Rose Publishing Company, 1886), 166, 173-74, 575-78, 590-91. On the Palestine Exploration Fund, see Neil Asher Silberman, Digging for God and Country (New York: Knopf, 1982).
  19. A.B. Aylesworth, Dominion Minister of Justice, quoted in Report of the Proceedings of the Convention of the Federation of Zionist Societies of Canada, 1907. Compare also, Leon Goldman, “History of Zionism in Canada,” in Arthur D. Hart, ed., The Jew in Canada, (Toronto and Montreal: Jewish Publications, 1926), 294.
  20. Quoted in London Jewish Chronicle, August 30, 1907.
  21. Quoted in the Palestine Post, May 6, 1925.
  22. Canadian Zionist, June 1934. See also Zachariah Kay, Canada and Palestine: The Politics of Non-Commitment (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1978), 107.
  23. Arthur W. Roebuck, The Roebuck Story (Don Mills, Ontario: T. H. Best Printing Co., 1963), 159, 162-63; Canadian Zionist, February 1935, June 1947; Irving Abella and Harold Troper, None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933-1945 (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1982), 183; Kay, Canada, 84-87, 100, 117-21, 147.
  24. John Buchan, Memory, Hold the Door (Toronto: Musson, 1940), 246; Canadian Zionist, December 1936, April 1938, February 1940.
  25. Montreal Star, “Palestine for the Jews,” December 22, 1917, “Jews rejoicing at Jerusalem news,” December 14, 1917, “Israel Zangwill sees dream of republic of Jews being realized,” December 11, 1917. See also St. John’s Daily News, “In Christian hands,” December 24, 1917; Charlottetown Guardian, “Jerusalem’s night is o’er,” December 21, 1917; Saskatoon Daily Star, “A new and golden Jerusalem,” December 11, 1917; Vancouver Daily Province, “Sees his dream coming true - Zangwill looks for Jewish republic,” December 11, 1917.
  26. Compare David Lewis, The Good Fight: Political Memoirs, 1909-1958 (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1981), passim.
  27. See Palmer, “Politics,” 167-96.
  28. On the French and Roman Catholic connections of French Canada before 1914, see Brown, Jew or Juif, 119-61.
  29. Frère Joseph A. l’Archévèque, Vers la Terre Sainte (1911), 175-76.
  30. The account of Huot’s trip originally appeared in La semaine religieuse de Québec and is quoted in David Rome, Clouds in the Thirties: On Antisemitism in Canada, 1929 - 1939 (Montreal: [the author], 1977), 20-22.
  31. Esther Delisle, The Traitor and the Jew: Anti-Semitism and Extremist Right-Wing Nationalism in French Canada from 1929 to 1939 (Montreal and Toronto: Robert Davies Publishing, 1993), 189-95.
  32. Yosef Eliyahu Bernstein, letter [Hebrew] to the Warsaw HaMelits, 11 Iyyar 1884.
  33. Quoted in London Jewish Chronicle, August 16, 1907. See also James S. Woodsworth, Strangers Within Our Gates (Toronto: F. C. Stephenson, 1909), 155-58; Augustus Bridle, “The drama of the Ward,” Canadian Magazine, November 1909; and other sources.
  34. Walter Laqueur, History of Zionism (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972), 162; Shmaryahu Levin, New York, letter [Hebrew], to Menahem Ussishkin, Meech Lake, Canada, July 19, 1927, in Iggrot Shmaryahu Levin - Mivhar [Hebrew] (Tel Aviv, 1966), 421-22.
  35. On De Sola, see Gerald Tulchinsky, Taking Root: The Origins of the Canadian Jewish Community (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1993), 187-92. On Canadian Zionism in these years, see Michael Brown, “Canada, Zionism in,” in New Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel, vol.1, Geoffrey Wigoder, ed., (Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1994), 243-48.
  36. On the Freimans, see Bernard Figler, Lillian and Archie Freiman (Montreal: [the author], 1961); Lawrence Freiman, Don’t Fall Off the Rocking Horse: An Autobiography (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1978).
  37. Michael Brown, “The push and pull factors of aliyah and the anomalous case of Canada: 1967-1982,” Jewish Social Studies 48 (Spring 1986): 141-62.
  38. Yossi Katz, “The plans and efforts of the Jews of Winnipeg to purchase land and to establish an agricultural settlement in Palestine before World War I,” Canadian Jewish Historical Society Journal 5 (1981):1-16.
  39. Harry Batshaw, “With our Judaeans,” Canadian Zionist (March 1934).
  40. Compare Molly Lyons Bar David, My Promised Land (New York: Putnam’s, 1953), 297; and Joseph Glass, “Isolation and alienation: Factors in the growth of Zionism in the Canadian Prairies, 1917-1939,” Canadian Jewish Studies/Etudes Juives Canadiennes 9 (forthcoming).
  41. On the Dunkelman family, see Ben Dunkelman, Dual Allegiance (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1976).
  42. On Sylva Gelber, see her No Balm in Gilead: A Personal Retrospective of Mandate Days in Palestine (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1989). On other Canadians in the Yishuv (Jewish community in Palestine) during the two decades before 1948, see Michael Brown, “The Americanization of Canadian Zionism, 1917-1982,” in Geoffrey Wigoder, ed., Contemporary Jewry: Studies in Honor of Moshe Davis, (Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1984), 129-58.
  43. See Lita-Rose Betcherman, The Swastika and the Maple Leaf: Fascist Movements in Canada in the Thirties (Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1975); and Abella and Troper, None Is Too Many.
  44. See, for example, Lewis, Good Fight, 339-47.
  45. See Eliezer Tauber, “Canada’s significant contribution to the adoption of the partition resolution by the UN General Assembly, November 1947” [Hebrew], Cathedra 86 (1998): 121-48; idem, “The role of Justice Rand in UNSCOP” [Hebrew], Iyyunim bi-Tequmat Yisrael 8 (1998): 49-77.

9. The Post-Statehood Relationship: A Growing Friendship
  1. Michael Brown, “Canada and the Holy Land: Some North American similarities and differences,” in Moshe Davis and Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, ed., With Eyes Toward Zion Vol.3: Western Societies and the Holy Land (New York: Praeger, 1991), 77-91; Michael Brown, “Canada, Zionism in,” in Geoffrey Wigoder, ed., New Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel (Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press; 1994), 243-48; Bernard Figler, “History of the Zionist ideal in Canada,” in Eli Gottesman, ed., Canadian Jewish Reference Book and Directory 1963 (Ottawa: Central Rabbinical Seminary of Canada, 1963); Leon Goldman, “History of Zionism in Canada,” in Arthur D. Hart, ed., The Jew in Canada: A Complete Record of Canadian Jewry from the Days of the French Regime to the Present Time (Toronto and Montreal: Jewish Publications, 1926).
  2. Charles S. Liebman, “Reflections on Israel and the Diaspora: Restructuring Israeli-Diaspora relations,” Israel Studies 1 (Spring 1996): 315-22; Gabriel Sheffer, “Israel-Diaspora relations in comparative perspective,” in Michael N. Barnett, ed., Israel in Comparative Perspective: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996), 55-83; David Vital, “Israel and the Jewish Diaspora: Five comments on the political relationship,” Israel Affairs 1 (Winter 1994): 171-87.
  3. Irving Abella, A Coat of Many Colours: Two Centuries of Jewish Life in Canada (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1990); Robert J. Brym, William Shaffir and Morton Weinfeld, eds., The Jews in Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1993); Daniel J. Elazar and Harold M. Waller, Maintaining Consensus: The Canadian Jewish Polity in the Post-War World (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1990); Gerald Tulchinsky, Taking Root: The Origins of the Canadian Jewish Community (Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1992); Gerald Tulchinsky, Branching Out: The Transformation of the Canadian Jewish Community (Toronto: Stoddart, 1998); Morton Weinfeld, William Shaffir and Irwin Cotler, eds., The Canadian Jewish Mosaic (Toronto: John Wiley and Sons, 1981).
  4. See note 3. See also Irving Abella and Harold Troper, None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe 1938-1948 (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1982); Michael Brown, Jew or Juif? Jews, French Canadians and Anglo-Canadians 1759-1914 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1987); Alan Davies, ed., Antisemitism in Canada: History and Interpretation (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1992); Esther Delisle, The Traitor and the Jew: Anti-Semitism and Extremist Right-Wing Nationalism in French Canada, 1929-1939 (Toronto: Robert Davies Publishing, 1993).
  5. John Porter, The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965).
  6. According to the late Daniel J. Elazar, North American Jewry inherited the political tradition of “aristocratic republicanism” from its forebears in central and eastern Europe, whereby contact with non-Jewish authorities was entrusted to the wealthy and well-born, who more often than not performed their functions through quiet interventions “out of the public eye.” See Elazar’s seminal Community and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of American Jewry (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1980), 320. This principle is applied to the case of Canadian Jewry in Harold M. Waller, “Power in the Jewish community,” in Weinfeld, Shaffir, and Cotler, The Canadian Jewish Mosaic, 151-69.
  7. Peter C. Newman, The Bronfman Dynasty (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1978).
  8. Kim Richard Nossal, The Politics of Canadian Foreign Policy, 2nd edition (Toronto: Prentice-Hall Canada, 1989), 10-11; and David Taras and David H. Goldberg, “Influencing Canada’s Middle East policy: The domestic battleground,” in David Taras and David H. Goldberg, eds., The Domestic Battleground: Canada and the Arab-Israeli Conflict (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1989), 3-13.
  9. David Taras, “From passivity to politics: Canada’s Jewish community and political support for Israel,” in Taras and Goldberg, The Domestic Battleground, 37-62; and David H. Goldberg, Foreign Policy and Ethnic Interest Groups: American and Canadian Jews Lobby for Israel (New York: Greenwood Press, 1990).
  10. David J. Bercuson, Canada and the Birth of Israel: A Study in Canadian Foreign Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985); Zachariah Kay, Canada and Palestine: The Politics of Non-Commitment (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1978); Zachariah Kay, The Diplomacy of Prudence: Canada and Israel, 1948-1958 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996), Chapter 1; Gerald Tulchinsky, Branching Out, Chapter 6.
  11. See the author’s Foreign Policy and Ethnic Interest Groups: American and Canadian Jews Lobby for Israel (New York: Greenwood Press, 1990), Chapter 2. See also Samuel Halperin, The Political World of American Zionism (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1961); Ben Halpern, The American Jews: A Zionist Analysis (New York: Herzl Press, 1961); Melvin I. Urofsky, We Are One: American Jewry and Israel (Garden City, NY: Anchor Press, 1978).
  12. Charles S. Liebman and Eliezer Ben-Yehiya, Civil Religion in Israel: Traditional Judaism and Political Culture in the Jewish State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).
  13. Brown, “Canada, Zionism in,” 246.
  14. Harold M. Waller, “A reexamination of Zionism in Canada,” in Weinfeld, Shaffir, and Cotler, The Canadian Jewish Mosaic, 343-57.
  15. Cited in Taras, “From passivity to politics,” 49.
  16. Ibid., 51.
  17. See note 10.
  18. Brown, “Canada, Zionism in,” 245.
  19. Zachariah Kay, “Canada: Relations with Zionism and Israel,” in Wigoder, New Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel, 240-42.
  20. Newman, The Bronfman Dynasty, 48.
  21. Tulchinsky, Branching Out.
  22. Delisle, The Traitor and the Jew; Irwin Cotler and Ruth Wisse, “Quebec Jews: Caught in the middle,” Commentary 64 (September 1977): 55-56; Harold Waller and Morton Weinfeld, “The Jews of Quebec and ‘Le fait français,’“ in Weinfeld, Shaffir, and Cotler, The Canadian Jewish Mosaic, 415-39; Morton Weinfeld, “La question juive au Quebec,” Midstream 23 (October 1977): 20-29; Weinfeld, “The Jews of Quebec: Perceived antisemitism, segregation, and emigration,” Jewish Journal of Sociology 22 (June 1980): 5-19.
  23. Brown, “Canada, Zionism in,” 246.
  24. Ben Kayfetz, “Canada,” in The American Jewish Year Book 69 (1968); Tulchinsky, Branching Out, 294-97; Taras, “From passivity to politics,” 46-48.
  25. Taras, “From passivity to politics,” 48.
  26. Ibid.
  27. “Canadian Jews contribute $25 million to Israel,” Canadian Jewish News, June 9, 1967; “Jewry’s finest hour,” Canadian Jewish News, June 23, 1967.
  28. For a detailed discussion of the history of the Canada-Israel Committee, see the author’s Foreign Policy and Ethnic Interest Groups, Chapter 3.
  29. W. Gunther Plaut, Unfinished Business: An Autobiography (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1981), Chapter 10; Reuben Slonim, Family Quarrel: The United Church and the Jews (Toronto: Clarke Irwin, 1977); David Taras, “A church divided: A.C. Forrest and the United Church’s Middle East policy,” in Taras and Goldberg, The Domestic Battleground, 86-101. Unless otherwise indicated, references are from Taras, “A church divided.”
  30. Irwin Cotler, “Canada: Overview,” in Moshe Davis, ed., The Yom Kippur War: Israel and the Jewish People (New York: Arno Press; Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, 1974), 101-16; Shira Herzog Bessin and David Kaufman, Canada-Israel Friendship: The First Thirty Years (Toronto: Canada-Israel Committee, 1979), 60-65; Janice Gross Stein, “Canadian foreign policy in the Middle East after the October War,” in Social Praxis 4/3-4 (1976-77): 276-280; David Taras, Canada and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Study of the Yom Kippur War and the Domestic Political Environment, unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Toronto, 1983.
  31. Taras, “From passivity to politics,” 53-55.
  32. Janice Gross Stein, “Canadian foreign policy,” 276-80.
  33. For a theoretical and empirical consideration of Canadian Jewish “satisfaction” with Canada’s Middle East policy, see the author’s “Keeping score: From the Yom Kippur War to the Palestinian uprising,” in Taras and Goldberg, The Domestic Battleground, 102-22, and the author’s Foreign Policy and Ethnic Interest Groups, Chapters 1 and 5.
  34. Irwin Cotler, Report of the Commission of Economic Coercion and Discrimination (Montreal, 1974); Howard Stanislawski, Elites, Domestic Interest Groups, and International Interests in the Canadian Foreign Policy Decision-Making Process: The Arab Economic Boycott of Canadians and Canadians Doing Business with Israel, unpublished doctoral thesis, Brandeis University, 1981; H. Stanislawski, “Canadian corporations and their Middle East interests,” in Taras and Goldberg, The Domestic Battleground, 63-85.
  35. George Takach, “Clark and the Jerusalem embassy affair: Initiative and constraint in Canadian foreign policy,” in Taras and Goldberg, The Domestic Battleground, 144-66; see also the author’s Foreign Policy and Ethnic Interest Groups, 122-38.
  36. See the author’s “Canadian Jewry: A Diaspora community in transition,” Jerusalem Letter (October 1, 1995).
  37. Irving Abella, “Multiculturalism, Jews and forging a Canadian identity,” in Howard Adelman and John H. Simpson, Multiculturalism, Jews, and Identities in Canada (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1996); Irving Abella, Canadian Jewry: Past, Present and Future (Toronto: Centre for Jewish Studies, York University, Fall 1998); Morton Weinfeld, “Canadian Jews and Canadian pluralism,” in Seymour Martin Lipset, ed., American Pluralism and the Jewish Community (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press, 1990).
  38. Abella, Canadian Jewry.
  39. See the author’s Ethnic Interest Groups and Foreign Policy, 138-45. See also Ronnie Miller, From Lebanon to the Intifada: The Jewish Lobby and Canadian Middle East Policy (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1991); and Morton Weinfeld, “My Lai and Shatila,” Middle East Focus 5 (March 1983): 8-11. For an excellent overview of the conduct of the 1982 war, see Itamar Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, 1970-1985 (London: Cornell University Press, 1985).
  40. David Dewitt and John Kirton, “Foreign policy making towards the Middle East: Parliament, the media, and the 1982 Lebanon War,” in Taras and Goldberg, The Domestic Battleground, 167-85; and Miller, From Lebanon to the Intifada, Chapter 3.
  41. David Taras and Morton Weinfeld, “Continuity and criticism: North American Jews and Israel,” International Journal 45 (Summer 1990): 661-84; Harold M. Waller, “The Montebello Mystery,” Jerusalem Letter (August 1, 1988).
  42. “Religious pluralism dominant theme at CJF General Assembly,” Canadian Jewish News, November 21, 1996; Harold M. Waller, “Canada,” American Jewish Year Book 96 (New York: The American Jewish Committee, 1996), 196-98. On the evolving debate over Israel’s “identity,” see Yoram Hazony, The Jewish State: The Struggle for Israel’s Soul (New York: Basic Books and New Republic Books, 2000).
  43. Taras and Weinfeld, “Continuity and criticism,” 683-84.
  44. Unless otherwise indicated, citations for this section are drawn from Goldberg and Taras, “Collision course,” 207-23; or the author’s Foreign Policy and Ethnic Interest Groups, 145-56.
  45. For the full text of Clark’s prepared speech, see Ronnie Miller, From Lebanon to the Intifada, 99-104.
  46. John Kirton and Peyton Lyon, “Perceptions of the Middle East in the Department of External Affairs and Mulroney’s policy, 1984-1988,” in Taras and Goldberg, The Domestic Battleground, 186-206.
  47. Irving Abella, “Antisemitism in Canada: New perspectives on an old problem,” in Michael Brown, ed., Approaches to Antisemitism: Context and Curriculum (New York: American Jewish Committee and the International Center for the Teaching of Jewish Civilization, 1994), 46-56.
  48. Cited in a special April 1988 issue of Comment, a publication of the Institute for International Affairs of B’nai Brith Canada.
  49. “CIC condemns UN Security Council vote” (Ottawa: Canada-Israel Committee news release, October 8, 2000); “CIC expresses serious disappointment with Canada’s UN vote” (Ottawa: Canada-Israel Committee news release, December 4, 2000).
  50. “Jewish audience dismisses letter from PM,” Toronto Star, November 8, 2000; “Grits shift Mideast policy to secure Jewish vote,” Globe and Mail, November 8, 2000; “Jewish voters put candidates under pressure,” Globe and Mail, November 16, 2000; “Against Israel,” National Post, November 25, 2000.

[ Table of Contents ] [ Endnotes 1 - 4 ] [ Endnotes 5 - 7 ] [ Endnotes 10 - 13 ] [ Endnotes 14 & 15 ]