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From Immigration To Integration

The Canadian Jewish Experience:
A Millennium Edition

Endnotes

Historical Perspectives

1. New Horizons in a New Land: Jewish Immigration to Canada
  1. Richard Menkis, “Antisemitism and anti-Judaism in pre-Confederation Canada,” in Alan Davies, ed., Antisemitism in Canada: History and Interpretation (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1992), 12-13.
  2. For a thorough discussion of the experience of Jews in pre-Confederation Canada, see Gerald Tulchinsky, Taking Root: The Origins of the Canadian Jewish Community (Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1992) and Sheldon J. Godfrey and Judith C. Godfrey, Search Out the Land: The Jews and the Growth of Equality in British Colonial America, 1740-1867 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1995). One of the more discussed political episodes of this era was the Hart Affair. See Michael Brown, “The beginning of Jewish emancipation in Canada: The Hart Affair,” Michael 10 (1986), 31-38.
  3. Cyril Edel Leonoff, “Victoria, Vancouver Island: Birth of a Jewish community and erection of a Tabernacle of God,” Western States Jewish History 24 (1992), 234-343.
  4. Tulchinsky, Taking Root, 8-95.
  5. For an introductory discussion of Jewish outmigration from Russia after the 1881 pogroms, see Simon Kuznets, “Immigration of Russian Jews to the United States: Background and Structure” in Perspectives in American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975).
  6. Tulchinsky, Taking Root, 113-19; Arthur A. Chiel, The Jews in Manitoba: A Social History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961), 27-28; Benjamin G. Sack, History of the Jews in Canada (Montreal: Harvest House, 1965), 273-75; Norman Macdonald, Canada: Immigration and Colonization (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1966), 220-24. For opposing assessments of the Galt/Macdonald correspondence, see Harry Gutkin, Journey into Our Heritage (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1980), 27-32.
  7. The anti-urban and anti-Jewish bias of Canadian immigration policy is discussed in Robert F. Harney and Harold Troper, Immigrants: A Portrait of the Urban Experience (Toronto: Van Nostrand, 1975) and Harney and Troper, “Introduction: Immigrants in the city,” Canadian Ethnic Studies 9 (1977), 1-5.
  8. Canada, House of Commons Debates, vol. 50, July 26, 1899, 8501. For an overview of policy formation during the pre-war era, see Donald H. Avery, Reluctant Host: Canada’s Response to Immigrant Workers, 1896-1994 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1995), 20-42 and Harold Troper, Only Farmers Need Apply (Toronto: Griffin House, 1972).
  9. Louis Rosenberg, Canada’s Jews: A Social and Economic Study of Jews in Canada (Montreal: Canadian Jewish Congress, 1939), 10.
  10. Ibid. 12, 23.
  11. Ibid. 30.
  12. Simon Belkin, Through Narrow Gates (Montreal: Canadian Jewish Congress, 1967), 36-47.
  13. Rosenberg, Canada’s Jews, 25; Kenneth Switzer-Rakos, “Baron de Hirsch, the Jewish Colonization Society and Canada,” Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 32 (1987), 385-406.
  14. Joseph Kage, With Faith and Thanksgiving: The Story of Two Hundred Years of Jewish Immigration and Immigrant Aid Work in Canada (1760-1960) (Montreal: Eagle Publishing, 1962), 51-55.
  15. In addition to those who responded negatively to the Jewish urban presence, anti-immigration advocates also regarded Jews, especially eastern European Jews, as racially and eugenically inferior. For an analysis of the racial and eugenics movement in Canada, see Angus McLaren, Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885-1945 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990).
  16. Order-in-Council, P.C. 183, January 31, 1923; Canada Gazette, April-June 1923, 4106; P.C. 185, ibid., 4107.
  17. Canada Yearbook (Ottawa, 1922-23), 215.
  18. Canada, Senate, Proceedings of the Standing Committee on Immigration and Labour (Ottawa, 1946), 171-75. For a complete airing of immigration regulations and procedures, see Canada, “Agriculture and colonization,” Select Standing Committee on Agriculture and Colonization Report 1928 (Ottawa, 1928).
  19. Barnett R. Brickner as quoted in Kage, With Faith and Thanksgiving, 80.
  20. Belkin, Through Narrow Gates, 132-43.
  21. Canadian Institute of Public Opinion poll, October 30, 1946, as discussed in Irving Abella and Harold Troper, None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe 1933-1948 (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1982), 231-33.
  22. Ninette Kelly and Michael Trebilcock, The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 334-39.
  23. Ben Lappin, The Redeemed Children: The Story of the Rescue of War Orphans by the Jewish Community of Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963).
  24. Abella and Troper, None Is Too Many, 238-79.
  25. House of Commons, Debates, May 1, 1947, 2644-47.
  26. David C. Corbett, Canada’s Immigration Policy: A Critique (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1957); Kelley and Trebilcock, 324-32. It should be noted that while the government was reducing racial barriers, it was re-enforcing political ones against those on the left. Reg Whitaker, Double Standard: The Secret History of Canadian Immigration (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1987), 35-40.
  27. For a study of the impact of Holocaust survivors on Canadian political and social life, see Franklin Bialystok, Delayed Impact: The Holocaust and the Canadian Jewish Community, 1945-1985 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2000).
  28. Harold Troper, “Canadian immigration policy since 1945,” International Journal 48 (1993), 255-81; Frances Henry, et al, The Colour of Democracy: Racism in Canadian Society (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1995), 259-77.
  29. Kelley and Trebilcock, 352-81.
  30. Gerald Dirks points out that about one fifth of the estimated 38,000 Hungarian refugees who entered Canada after 1958 were Jewish. Gerald E. Dirks, Canada’s Refugee Policy: Indifference or Opportunism? (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1977), 203.
  31. Mikhael Elbaz, “Ethnicity and generations in North America: The case of second-generation Sephardi Jews in Montreal,” International Review of Community Development 31 (1994), 63-77.
  32. Mindy Averich-Skapinker, Canadian Jewish Involvement with Soviet Jewry, 1970-1990: The Toronto Case Study, Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Toronto, 1993.

2. The Canadian Jewish Experience: A Distinct Personality Emerges
  1. Jonathan Sarna, “The value of Canadian Jewish history to the American Jewish historian and vice-versa,” Canadian Jewish Historical Society Journal 5(1), (Spring 1981): 17-22.
  2. See Bram de Sola, “The Jewish school question,” The University Magazine, December 1909, 533-60; David Rome, “On the Jewish school question in Montreal: 1903- 1931” (Montreal: CJCAM, Canadian Jewish Archives, New Series, No 3, 1975).
  3. Maxwell Goldstein, “The status of the Jew in the schools of Canada,” in Arthur D. Hart (ed.), The Jew in Canada (Montreal: Canadian Jewish Publications Limited, 1926), 497-98; National Archives of Canada, MG 27, III, C23, Peter Bercovitch Collection; William Nadler, “The Jewish-Protestant school problem,” typescript, CJCAM, 1925; David Rome, “On the Jewish school question.”
  4. Michel Brunet, “Trois dominantes de la pensée canadienne-française,” La présence anglaise et les canadiennes (Montreal: Beauchemin, 1964), 113-66; Denis Monière, Ideologies in Quebec: The Historical Development (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981), 175.
  5. Susan Mann Trofimenkoff, Action Française: French Canadian Nationalism in the Twenties (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975), 76-77, 78.
  6. La Patrie, November 14, 23; December 14, 27, 1894. See Arthur I. Silver, The French Canadian Idea of Confederation, 1864-1900 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981), 232.
  7. Report of the Royal Commission upon the Sweating System in Canada, Canada, Sessional papers (1896), No. 61, 10-11.
  8. Trofimenkoff, Action Française, 78-79; Labour Gazette (1933), 1183; Les midinettes 1937-1962: Union des ouvriers de la robe (Montreal: Bureau Conjoint, Montréal Union Internationale des Ouvriers du Vêtement pour Dames [FAT-C10-CTC], 1962), 18, 80; CJC, July 6, 1934.
  9. See Louis Rosenberg, A Study of the Growth and Changes in the Distribution of the Jewish Population of Montreal (Montreal: Canadian Jewish Population Studies, Canadian Jewish Community Series, No. 4, Bureau of Social and Economic Research, CJC, 1955), 8-14.
  10. See Elson I. Rexford, Our Educational Problem: The Jewish Population and the Protestant Schools (Montreal: Renouf, n.d.)
  11. See Howard Palmer, ed., Immigration and the Rise of Multiculturalism (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1975), 44-53; W. Peter Ward, White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy toward Orientals in British Columbia (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1978).
  12. Rosenberg, Canada’s Jews, 9-16.
  13. Bertram W. Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War (New York: Atheneum, 1970), 1.
  14. See Leon Goldman, “History of Zionism in Canada,” in Hart, The Jew in Canada, 291-320; CZA.Z1/244, Jacob de Haas to Dr. Theodor Herzl, April 24, 1903.
  15. See Daniel J. Elazar, Community and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of American Jewry (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1980), Chapter 5.
  16. Harry Gutkin, Journey into Our Heritage (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1980), 195-96.
  17. Nathan Glazer, American Judaism, 2nd edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), Chapter 3.
  18. Bertram W. Korn, German-Jewish Intellectual Influences on American Jewish Life (Syracuse: Syracuse University, 1972), 1, 6.
  19. Glazer, American Judaism, 44, 60.
  20. See Stephen Birmingham, “Our Crowd”: The Great Jewish Families of New York (New York: Dell, 1967), Part 4, and Arthur Mann, Yankee Reformers in the Urban Age: Social Reform in Boston, 1880-1900 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), Chapter 3.
  21. Binyamin G. Zak, Geschichte fun Yidn in Kanada, Fun di Friste Omhoib Biz Der Letster Tseit (Montreal: Northern Printing and Stationery Co., 1948; Ershter Band: Fun Frantsoizishn Reshym Biz Soif Ninetsn Yorhundert). The book was translated into English in 1965. Benjamin G. Sack, History of the Jews in Canada (Montreal: Harvest House, 1965), Chapter 14. See Saul Hayes, “Benjamin Gutl Sack,” in Canadian Jews - Early in This Century (Montreal, CJC, 1975), pp. i-iii.
  22. Stephen A. Speisman, The Jews of Toronto: A History to 1937 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1979), 32.
  23. Michael Brown, “The beginnings of Reform Judaism in Canada,” Jewish Social Studies 34, No. 4 (October 1972), 322-42, 323, 330-31.
  24. Will Herberg, Protestant-Catholic-Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology (New York: Doubleday, Anchor Books, 1960), Chapter 7.
  25. See Jonathan D. Sarna, “Jewish immigration to North America: The Canadian experience (1870-1900),” Jewish Journal of Sociology 17, No. 1 (June 1976): 31-42. Sarna argues that Canadian Jews were more receptive to eastern European Jewish immigrants than contemporary US Jews.
  26. Goldman, “Zionist Organization of Canada,” in Arthur D. Hart, (ed.), The Jew in Canada, 291-313. See Bernard Figler, Lillian and Archie Freiman (Montreal: Northern Printing and Lithographing Co., 1962).
  27. Melvin I. Urofsky, American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust (New York: Doubleday, Anchor Books, 1976), 85-91.
  28. See Allon Gal, Brandeis of Boston (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980).
  29. Kenneth I. Cleator and Harry J. Stern, A Rabbi’s Journey (New York: Block, 1981), 9.
  30. Speisman, The Jews of Toronto, 242; see Maurice Eisendrath, The Never Failing Stream (Toronto: Macmillan, 1939), 224-42, for his sermon “National, race or religion,” in which he attacked the Zionist cause as “ridiculous and… symptomatic of the blind conceit which afflicts every nationalist,” 236.
  31. Carl Berger, The Sense of Power: Studies in the Ideas of Canadian Imperialism, 1867-1914 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970), 9; John Farthing, Freedom Wears a Crown (Toronto: Kingswood House, 1957).
  32. James S. Woodsworth, Strangers within Our Gates, or Coming Canadians (Toronto: Missionary Society of the Methodist Church, Canada; The Young People’s Forward Movement Dept., 1909), 150-59, 279-89.
  33. Goldman, “Zionist Organization of Canada,” passim.
  34. Louis Rosenberg, Canada’s Jews: A Social and Economic Study of the Jews in Canada (Montreal: Canadian Jewish Congress, 1939). 4.
  35. Ibid., 134.
  36. JT, August 17, 1900. See also The Maccabean (December 1903), 363-65; Goldman, “Zionist Organization of Canada,” 302.
  37. Rosenberg, Canada’s Jews, 134.
  38. Belkin, Through Narrow Gates, Chapters 9-13; Joseph Kage, With Faith and Thanksgiving: The Story of Two Hundred Years of Jewish Immigration and Immigrant Aid Work in Canada (1760-1960) (Montreal: Eagle Publishing, 1962), 87.
  39. Abraham M. Klein, The Second Scroll (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1961), 138.
  40. Ibid., 95, 97.
  41. Henry Feingold, Zion in America: The Jewish Experience from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1974).
  42. See Lubomyr Luciuk and Stella Hryniuk, eds., Canada’s Ukrainians: Negotiating an Identity (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991), xxi.
  43. See Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Bohdan Kordan, Creating a Landscape. A Geography of Ukrainians in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989), maps 4, 5, 6. For further references to works about the Ukrainian-Canadian experience, see Gerald Tulchinsky, ed. Immigration in Canada: Historical Perspectives (Toronto: Copp Clark, Longmans, 1994) and Lubomyr Y. Luciuk, Searching For Place: Ukrainian Displaced Persons, Ottawa, and the Immigration of Memory (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000), 409-10.
  44. Ibid, introduction.
  45. See Leo Driedger, “Urbanization of Ukrainians in Canada: Consequences for ethnic identity,” in W.R. Petryshyn, ed., Changing Realities: Trends Among Ukrainian Canadians (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1980), 107-33.
  46. See Robert F. Harney, “The padrone system and sojourners in the Canadian North, 1885-1920,” in Tulchinsky, ed., Immigration in Canada, 249-64. For further references to the Italo-Canadian experience, see 416-17.
  47. See John E. Zucchi, Italians in Toronto: Development of a National Identity 1875-1935 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1988).

3. Antisemitism in the Evolving Nation: From New France to 1950
  1. On the development of multiculturalism in Canada, see Robert F. Harney, “‘So great a heritage is ours’: Immigration and the survival of the Canadian polity,” Daedalus 17:4 (Fall 1988); Harold Troper and Morton Weinfeld, “Canadian Jews and Canadian multiculturalism,” in Howard Adelman and John H. Simpson, eds., Multiculturalism, Jews, and Identities in Canada (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1996).
  2. For the variety of opinions on multiculturalism, see Richard J.F. Day, Multiculturalism and the History of Canadian Diversity (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000), 18-38.
  3. Ibid; see also Harold Troper and Morton Weinfeld, “Diversity in Canada,” in Harold Troper and Morton Weinfeld, eds., Ethnicity, Politics and Public Policy: Case Studies in Canadian Diversity, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 3-25.
  4. See Donald H. Akenson, “The historiography of English Canada and the concept of Diaspora: A skeptical appreciation,” Canadian Historical Review 76 (1996): 477-509
  5. In this paper, I will not look at rivalries between minorities, such as between Jews and Ukrainians or Jews and Poles, in part because much more research needs to be done, and because of limitations of space. For a brief survey of the interwar period, see Gerald Tulchinsky, Branching Out: The Transformation of the Canadian Jewish Community (Toronto: Stoddart, 1998), 195-98
  6. Unless otherwise noted, the following discussion of pre-Confederation Canada is drawn from Richard Menkis, “Antisemitism and anti-Judaism in pre-Confederation Canada,” in Alan Davies, Antisemitism in Canada: History and Interpretation (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1992), 11-38. For a more complete discussion and full documentation of the sources, see that article
  7. Cited in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, s.v. Brandeau, Esther, by Gaston Tisdel 2: 95-96.
  8. Kenneth Donovan, “The Gradis Collection and the interpretation of Jewish history at Louisbourg,” unpublished paper, 1988
  9. Allan Greer, The People of New France (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), chapter 5
  10. Sheldon Godfrey and Judith C. Godfrey, Search out the Land: The Jews and the Growth of Equality in British Colonial America, 1740-1867 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1995), chapter 3
  11. Ibid., 187
  12. Menkis, “Antisemitism,” 25-26; see also Gerald Tulchinsky, Taking Root: The Origins of the Canadian Jewish Community (Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1992), 61-81.
  13. Cited in Lynne Bowen, Three Dollar Dreams (Lantzville, BC: Oolichan Books, 1987), 214.
  14. Paul Axelrod, The Promise of Schooling: Education in Canada, 1800-1914 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), 30-31
  15. For full details on immigration policies, see the Troper essay in this volume. I will only focus on the moral vision underpinning these policies and other ways in which minorities, especially the Jews, were treated.
  16. Louis Rosenberg, Canada’s Jews: A Social and Economic Study of the Jews in Canada (Montreal: Canadian Jewish Congress, 1939), 10.
  17. Jacob Katz has outlined the real and imaginary connections in his Jews and Freemasons in Europe, 1723-1939 (Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1970).
  18. Some Quebec historians have complained that there is a historiography of antisemitism that over-emphasizes the impact of European racism on French Canada. I agree that we must be absolutely careful to contextualize the attitudes towards the Jews, and I believe that this context is largely right-wing, anti-modern Catholic thought of the late-nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This French-Canadian thought, as is the case with English-Canadian thought, had a “surprising, sticking, constancy” in terms of its outcome (see below, note 30 and the adjoining text) that could become very rigid, and could lead to positions that indicated the Jews were an intractable enemy, which bordered on racism, and crossed the line. I think those who discuss anti-Judaism as traditional are suggesting that the anti-Jewish imagery and the discourse was more or less reflexive and atavistic, whereas, in my view, the right-wing Catholic positions were rooted in their times and potent. I have difficulty with Pierre Anctil in his “Interlude of hostility: Judeo-Christian relations in Quebec in the interwar period, 1919-1939,” in Davies, ed., Antisemitism in Canada, 153-15. (His comments in Le rendez-vous manqué: Les juifs de Québec de l’entre deux guerres (Québec: Institut québécois de recherché sur la culture, 1988), 320-22, are more nuanced.) I find the recent comments of Pierre Trépanier on Lionel Groulx also not convincing, in that Trépanier creates a religious versus racial dichotomy in analyzing the attitudes towards Jews in this period, and then says that Groulx’s views were based on religion. Pierre Trépanier, “L’éducation intellectuelle et politique de Lionel Groulx (1906-1909),” in Lionel Groulx, Correspondance, 1894-1967, Vol. II 1906-1909: Un étudiant à l’école de l’Europe, edited by Giselle Huot, Julliette Landone-Rémillard et Pierre Trépanier (Québec: Editions Fides, 1993), xlv. The matter needs more research with close attention to the meanings at the time.
  19. Cited in Tulchinsky, Taking Root, 146. On Tardivel, and his radical rejection of modernizing trends in Quebec, see Pierre Savard, Jules-Paul Tardivel, la France et les états-Unis, 1851-1905 (Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval, 1970).
  20. Cited in David Rome and Jacques Langlais, Jews and French Quebecers: Two Hundred Years of Shared History, trans. by Barbara Young (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1991), 66.
  21. The most thorough review of the Nathan affair is in Michael Brown, Jew or Juif? Jews, French Canadians and Anglo-Canadians, 1759-1914 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1987), 141-44. The quote from the Montreal Adler is on p. 144.
  22. Rome and Langlais, Jews and French Quebecers, 67-68.
  23. For further information on Drumont, see below.
  24. On the notion of “His Dominion” and its changing importance to Anglo-Protestantism, see N.K. Clifford, “His Dominion: A vision in crisis,” Studies in Religion/Sciences religieuses 2 (1972-73): 315-26.
  25. Marilyn Barber, “Nationalism, nativism and the Social Gospel: The Protestant Church response to foreign immigrants in Western Canada, 1897-1914,” in Richard Allen, ed., The Social Gospel in Canada: Papers of the Interdisciplinary Conference on the Social Gospel in Canada, March 21-24 at the University of Regina, (Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, 1975), 186-226.
  26. Cited in Sheldon Indig, “Canadian Jewry and their struggle for an exemption in the federal Lord’s Day Act of 1906, Part I,” Canadian Jewish Historical Society Journal 3:1 (Spring 1979): 36-37.
  27. For a reliable synthesis of the school question in this period, see Tulchinsky, Taking Root, 243-48.
  28. Cited in Tulchinsky, ibid., 246.
  29. See the problems in research articulated by Constance Backhouse, Colour-Coded: A Legal History of Racism in Canada, 1900-1950 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 3-17.
  30. Ibid., 11.
  31. For a convenient selection of texts, see Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History, 2nd. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 302-71.
  32. Wilhelm Marr, in ibid., 332.
  33. For a remarkable study of this topic, see Gerald Tulchinsky, “Goldwin Smith: Victorian antisemite,” in Davies, ed. Antisemitism in Canada, 67-91, quote from p. 81.
  34. Ibid., p.84
  35. Cited in ibid., 83.
  36. Jonathan F. Vance, Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning and the First World War (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1997), 257-67.
  37. On the Action française, see Susan Mann Trofimenkoff, Action française: French Canadian Nationalism in the Twenties (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975).
  38. Lionel Groulx, Correspondance, Vol. II, to his half-sister in June 1908; to his parents in August 1908, 526.
  39. See Trofimenkoff, Action française, 71-83.
  40. Cited in Rome and Langlais, Jews and French Quebecers, 80.
  41. Anctil, Rendez-vous manqué, 116, 119-31.
  42. Ibid., 131-38.
  43. The centre of much of the attention has been Esther Delisle’s The Traitor and the Jew: Antisemitism and Extremist Right-Wing Nationalism in Quebec from 1929 to 1939, trans. by Madeleine Hébert, et al (Montreal: Robert Davies Publishing, 1993). According to Delisle, earlier scholars have completely underestimated the centrality of an intense, racial fascist outlook in Groulx and in the newspaper Le Devoir. In her estimation, there are some eight hundred articles dealing with the Jews in the period covered in her study (1929-39), a far greater number than other scholars are willing to acknowledge. Unfortunately, Delisle’s argument is presented in such a non-contexutalized way that more historical evaluation using her valuable material needs to be done.
  44. Tulchinsky, Taking Root, 177.
  45. Rosenberg, Canada’s Jews, 304.
  46. Stephen Speisman, “Antisemitism in Ontario: The twentieth century,” in Davies, ed., Antisemitism in Canada, 119.
  47. Rosenberg, Canada’s Jews, 192, 304.
  48. Cited in Mario Nigro and Clare Mauro, “The Jewish immigrant experience and the practice of law in Montreal, 1830 to 1990,” McGill Law Journal 44 (1999): 1018.
  49. Ibid., 1018
  50. Ibid., 1015-56.
  51. Lesley Marrus Barsky, From Generation to Generation: A History of Toronto’s Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1998), 27.
  52. John S. Moir, A History of Biblical Studies in Canada: A Sense of Proportion (Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1982), 30-41; A.B. McKillop, Matters of Mind: The University in Ontario, 1791-1951 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 360, 472, the latter dealing with the Bernstein/Namier case.
  53. Ernest Sirluck, First Generation: An Autobiography, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996), 46. See also Rosenberg, Canada’s Jews, 193. He noted that in 1931 “the number of Jewish professors and teachers in Canadian universities is abnormally low, forming only three-tenths of one percent of all university lecturers and college principals in Canada.”
  54. For the most complete version of the politics of exclusion at McGill, see Anctil, Le rendez-vous manqué, 59-107; for concise summaries, see Anctil, “Interlude of Hostility,” 140-45.
  55. Paul Axelrod, Making a Middle Class: Student Life in English Canada during the Thirties (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1990), 33.
  56. McKillop, Matters of Mind, 360
  57. Harry Gutkin with Mildred Gutkin, The Worst of Times, The Best of Times (Markham, ON: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1987), 176-77.
  58. Axelrod, Making a Middle Class, 33-34; 199, n. 62.
  59. Cited in ibid., 33.
  60. Speisman, “Antisemitism in Ontario,” 116.
  61. Henry Trachtenberg, “The Winnipeg Jewish community in the inter-war period, 1919-1939: Antisemitism and politics,” Canadian Jewish Historical Society Journal 4:1 (Spring, 1980): 50.
  62. Ibid., 49.
  63. Cited in Speisman, “Antisemitism in Ontario,” 118.
  64. Martin Robin, Shades of Right: Nativist and Fascist Politics in Canada, 1920-1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992), 195-206.
  65. See now, Janine Stingel, Social Discredit: Anti-Semitism, Social Credit and the Jewish Response (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2000).
  66. Ibid., 46-51 and in chapter 4.
  67. Martin Sable, “George Drew and the rabbis: Religious education and Ontario’s public schools,” Canadian Jewish Studies/Etudes juives canadiennes 6 (1998): 25-53.
  68. Anctil, Rendez-vous manqué, 305.
  69. Ben Kayfetz, “On community relations in Ontario in the 1940s.” Canadian Jewish Studies/Etudes juives canadiennes 2 (1994): 57-65.
  70. Janine Stingel, “Beyond the purge: Review of the Social Credit movement’s legacy of intolerance,” Canadian Ethnic Studies 31 (1999): 76-99.
  71. Cited in James W. St. G. Walker, “Race,“ Rights and the Law in the Supreme Court of Canada: Historical Case Studies (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1997), 230.
  72. For a study of the novel as a moment in the history of prejudice towards ethnic groups, see Terrence Craig, Racial Attitudes in English Canadian Fiction, 1905-1980 (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1987), 98-100.

4. From Self-Help to National Advocacy: The Emergence of Community Activism
  1. For an example taken from a smaller community, see Jewish Historical Society of Southern Alberta, Land of Promise: The Jewish Experience in Southern Alberta (Calgary: Jewish Historical Society of Southern Alberta, 1996). The Calgary burial society was formed in the early years of the twentieth century and incorporated in 1914.
  2. Irving Abella, Coat of Many Colours: Two Centuries of Jewish Life in Canada (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1990), 87; Gerald Tulchinsky, Taking Root: The Origins of the Canadian Jewish Community (Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1992), 50; Arthur D. Hart, The Jew in Canada: A Complete Record of Canadian Jewry from the Days of the French Regime to the Present Time (Toronto and Montreal: Jewish Publications, 1926), 193.
  3. Montreal Gazette, September 13, 1882, cited in Tulchinsky, Taking Root, 111.
  4. Winnipeg Free Press, May 27 and 28, 1882, cited in Joseph Kage, With Faith and Thanksgiving: The Story of Two Hundred Years of Jewish Immigration and Immigrant Aid Effort in Canada, 1760-1960 (Montreal: Eagle Publishing, 1962), 32.
  5. Stephen A. Speisman, The Jews of Toronto: A History to 1937 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1979), 105-08.
  6. Ibid., 147-50.
  7. Hart, The Jew in Canada, 240-44.
  8. Arthur A. Chiel, The Jews in Manitoba: A Social History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961), 113-30.
  9. Hart, The Jew in Canada, 193.
  10. Ibid., 196.
  11. Ibid., 218-19.
  12. This is the influential thesis set forward by Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967).
  13. David Rome, Early Documents on the Canadian Jewish Congress (Montreal: Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC), 1974), 19.
  14. Tulchinsky, Taking Root, 266-74, gives a full account of this expression of communal democracy.
  15. Kage, With Faith and Thanksgiving, 55.
  16. This account is largely drawn from Kage.
  17. Comments by R. Gutstadt of the ADL at the B’nai Brith Convention, London, Ontario, November 1935, in David Rome, Jewish Congress Archival Record of 1936 (Montreal: CJC, 1978), 56. Gutstadt claimed that the ADL had worked in Canada for fifteen years and cited two particular cases, one of them involving charges of ritual murder.
  18. H.M. Caiserman to E. Chaikes, January 3, 1934, in David Rome, The Congress Archival Record of 1934 (Montreal: CJC, 1976), 2.
  19. Gerald Tulchinsky, Branching Out: The Transformation of the Canadian Jewish Community (Toronto: Stoddart, 1998), Chapter 7.
  20. H. Caiserman, Letter of January 5, 1935, in David Rome, Jewish Congress Archival Record of 1935 (Montreal: CJC, 1976), 40.
  21. Abella, Coat of Many Colours, 203. “Conditions of agreement regarding the conduct of anti-defamation work in Canada between the Canadian Jewish Congress and the Canadian Conference of B’nai Brith, February 20, 1938” in CJC Archives ZA1938 1/2. The document is on the letterhead of District Grand Lodge No. 1, Samuel Moskovitch, President.
  22. H. Caiserman to M. Margoshes, February 20, 1935, Rome, Archival Record 1935, 44-45; PR department, “Our system of defence against Jew baiting,” CJC Archives ZA 1937 2/20; Tulchinsky, Branching Out, 179-84, on the Congress response to the antisemitism of the 1930s.
  23. H. Caiserman to Benjamin Goldfield, November 11, 1941, CJC Archives ZA 1941/10/105.
  24. JPRC meeting, Toronto, September 17, 1941, in CJC Archives ZA 1941/10/105.
  25. I have relied on two secondary sources for my discussion of Drummond Wren and Noble v. Wolf. The brilliant work by James St. G. Walker, “Race,” Rights and the Law in the Supreme Court of Canada (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1997), Chapter 4, should be read by every human-rights advocate. I also benefitted from my reading of the path-breaking work of Ross Lambertson, The struggle for human rights in Canada, 1945-1960, doctoral dissertation, University of Victoria, 1998.
  26. Sol Littman to Saul Hayes, September 17, 1968, in CJC Archives, AZ 1968 1/1.
  27. Sol Littman to Ben Kayfetz, October 23, 1968, in CJC Archives, AZ 1968 1/1.
  28. Alan Rose (CJC) to Frank Dimant (B’nai Brith Canada), September 17, 1981 (copy in possession of the author).
  29. R. Lou Ronson, “A brief history of the League for Human Rights,” November 1991. Copies available from B’nai Brith Canada.
  30. Ibid.
  31. Lambertson, Struggle, 377-78.
  32. Among those who came from Poland was my retired colleague Arthur Lermer, who was not only active in both JLC and the Workmen’s Circle, but was for many years the chairman of Concordia’s department of economics.
  33. The account of the JLC draws on Lambertson, Chapter 6.

[ Table of Contents ] [ Endnotes 5 - 7 ] [ Endnotes 8 & 9 ] [ Endnotes 10 - 13 ] [ Endnotes 14 & 15 ]